Ophcrack is a free Windows password cracker based on rainbow tables. It is a very efficient implementation of rainbow tables done by the inventors of the method. It comes with a Graphical User Interface and runs on multiple platforms.
Ophcrack is a free open-source (GPL licensed) program that cracks Windows log-in passwords by using LM hashes through rainbow tables. The program includes the ability to import the hashes from a variety of formats, including dumping directly from the SAM files of Windows. On most computers, ophcrack can crack most passwords within a few minutes.[1]
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Rainbow tables for LM hashes are provided for free by the developers. By default, ophcrack is bundled with tables that allow it to crack passwords no longer than 14 characters using only alphanumeric characters. Available for free download are four Windows XP tables and four Windows Vista tables.[2]
Ophcrack is also available as Live CD distributions, which automates the retrieval, decryption, and cracking of passwords from a Windows system. One Live CD distribution is available for Windows XP and lower and another for Windows Vista and Windows 7.[4] The Live CD distributions of ophcrack are built with SliTaz GNU/Linux.
Starting with version 2.3, Ophcrack also cracks NTLM hashes. This is necessary if the generation of the LM hash is disabled (this is default for Windows Vista) or if the password is longer than 14 characters (in which case the LM hash is not stored).
It takes more than just a difference in pressure to open a check valve. There is a specific minimum inflow pressure that is required to open it. This is known as the cracking pressure. It can be defined as the exact value of the minimum pressure needed to "crack open" the valve enough to permit detectable flow. The cracking pressure for check valves varies and is usually specified by the valve manufacturer. It is an important selection criterion and is influenced by various factors including the closing mechanism, valve size, valve design and material. Whenever the inflow pressure drops below the rated resealing pressure the valve immediately shuts off. The rated resealing pressure of a valve is not always the same value as the cracking pressure.
Check valves are also used as pressure relief valves in low-pressure gas applications. In such applications, preventing reverse flow is not crucial. Instead, the ability of the valve to self-operate and direct the flow is of utmost importance. For pressure relief, check valves are installed with the inlet facing the pressure system and the outlet facing out. When the system pressure reaches cracking pressure, the valve opens, releasing some of the media until the system's pressure is below cracking pressure.
Ball check valves. These valves use a linearly moving sphere to restrict flow. The ball is lifted off its seat when cracking pressure is reached. Ball check valves are commonly employed in viscous fluid applications and high-velocity applications where water hammer damage can be severe. They are also used for chromatography pumps and metering pumps. Ball check valves, like some piston check valves, are classified as lift check valves.
Cracking pressure. A properly sized valve with the right cracking pressure must be installed. If the cracking pressure is too high, the flowing media may be unable to open it. Likewise, if the cracking pressure is too low, the check valve would not be able to function as a valve.
Improve understanding on the impact of CO2 curing on durability: the findings of this research are based on the compressive strength property of CCU concrete, which is limited from a lifecycle perspective. Prior studies show that construction and repair frequencies are key drivers in determining concrete life cycle CO2 impacts36,37. Therefore, the effect of CCU on concrete durability must be considered when analyzing life cycle CO2 emissions. Preliminary lab scale studies demonstrate that CO2 curing improves durability related parameters such as permeability, sorptivity and sulfate and acid resistance22,38,39,40. However, the variability in the curing conditions and the design mixes used in the studies should be accounted for to ensure that durability gains can be consistently realized when CO2 curing of concrete is adopted at a commercial scale. Future work can prioritize standardizing the CO2 curing protocol (e.g., the steam curing time, pre-hydration time, post-hydration time), and study the resulting durability impact on different design mixes (e.g., use of different SCMs), with the overall goal of identifying optimal curing conditions and design mixes to maximize durability. This applies to ready-mix concrete and general precast applications with end-products such as masonry units32,35, pipes22, and pavers41. In addition, CO2 curing for reinforced concrete needs further investigation due to the possibility of increased risk of steel reinforcement corrosion led by concrete carbonation. Moreover, CCU can be potentially synergized with established strategies for concrete crack width control, e.g., engineered cementitious composites with microfiber reinforcement, to further promoting concrete durability42,43.
Attention is called to the significant change in the definition necessary articles as indicated by the General Assembly in 1896 and that of 1910. According to the former assembly such articles were defined as only those things which are "either expressly set down in Scriptures, or by good and necessary consequences may be deduced from Scripture." (cf. Ch. 1, Sec. 6) "In matters which are non-essential, and which may be 'ordered by the light of nature and Christian prudence, it is the law of the church that in their ordering the general rules of the Word are always to be observed' " (letter i, p. 5). However, according to the latter assembly (1910), while a declaration was made concerning certain necessary and essential doctrines (the five fundamentals) it is obvious that what was considered to be necessary and essential was something less than what was considered to be necessary and essential was something less than before. So far as the evidence goes, there seems to have been no effort made to distinguish the contents of the subordinate standards as to "essential" and "non-essential" until the declaration on the "fundamentals" in 1910 . . . It must also be noted that the 1910 declaration in its reference to the idea "scruples" and "essential and necessary" articles refers there to what it calls the "Adopting Act" of 1729. This is an error of fact. These terms were not in the "Adopting Act" proper, but were in the Preliminary Act. The "Adopting Act" proper, and all the explanatory declarations that were approved in following years, made fully plain the fact that Synod did not allow for any "scruples" beyond one in respect -- not to a doctrine -- but to an interpretation that might have been put upon certain words and phrases having to do with the civil magistrate. All that was allowed was an objection to one of several possible interpretations. This was the state of affairs, so far as pronouncements of Assembly indicate, until 1910. However, as far back as 1867 Charles Hodge wrote an article on the "meaning of the Second Ordination Vow" which first appeared in the Princeton Theological Review and is also to be found in his book, The Church and Its Polity. The article may well be regarded as the crack in the wall or the initial hole in the dyke. It has been maintained that Hodge plainly and bluntly marked the distinction between essential and non-essential doctrines. Thus it is said that in his view, the essential doctrines were those of "Basic Christianity" and those of the consensus of Reformed opinion, all other doctrines in the Confession, including the Sabbath, were deemed by him to be non-essential. But that he made this distinction is unclear from his won words; in fact the opposite seems to be the case (see Church Polity, pp. 338-340; also Hodge's Commentary on the Confession of Faith is prefaced by Dr. Charles Hodge's article on "The Meaning of the Second Ordination Vow." It is to be noted that the section in which the "Sabbath" is mentioned contains this statement, "concerning which there is no difference of opinion among Presbyterians." Evidently at this point the Sabbath had not yet been eroded by the Continental view, and relegated to the status of a non-essential doctrine.) It should also be noted that the subscription vow (question) is not what some have maintained Hodge says it is, namely, a subscription simply to a system of doctrine. This would be a misinterpretation of the vow. What one vows is to "receive and adopt the Confession," not some otherwise undefined system of doctrine. He adopts the Confession, not just so far as it happens to contain the system of doctrine taught in Scripture, he adopts it and understands it to contain that system of doctrine, i.e., he adopts the Confession as his own because he recognizes it to be a faithful summary of scriptural doctrine. 2ff7e9595c
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